منابع مشابه
The Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity
Human societies are based on cooperation among large numbers of genetically unrelated individuals. This behavior is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective. Because cooperators are unrelated it cannot be the result of kin selection, and the large scale seems to preclude explanations based on direct reciprocity. Alexander (1987) has proposed that large-scale cooperation among humans can be und...
متن کاملEvolution of direct and indirect reciprocity.
Indirect reciprocity (IR) occurs when individuals help those who help others. It is important as a potential explanation for why people might develop cooperative reputations. However, previous models of IR are based on the assumption that individuals never meet again. Yet humans and other animals often interact repeatedly within groups, thereby violating the fundamental basis of these models. W...
متن کاملEvolution of spite through indirect reciprocity.
How can cooperation persist in the face of a temptation to 'cheat'? Several recent papers have suggested that the answer may lie in indirect reciprocity. Altruistic individuals may benefit by eliciting altruism from observers, rather than (as in direct reciprocity) from the recipient of the aid they provide. Here, we point out that indirect reciprocity need not always favour cooperation; by con...
متن کاملEvolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity.
How can cooperation through indirect reciprocity evolve and what would it be like? This problem has previously been studied by simulating evolution in a small group of interacting individuals, assuming no gene flow between groups. In these simulations, certain 'image scoring' strategies were found to be the most successful. However, analytical arguments show that it would not be in an individua...
متن کاملEvolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring / The Dynamics of Indirect Reciprocity
The question of cooperation is crucial for understanding Darwinian evolution. Theories of cooperation have been based on kin selection, group selection3−5, and reciprocal altruism6−9. The idea of reciprocal altruism usually involves direct reciprocity: repeated encounters between the same individuals allow for the return of an altruistic act by the recipient10−16. Here we present a new theoreti...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 2005
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature04131